● Revolutionary Activities
* Reasons for emergence
Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open
phase.
Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.
Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.
* Ideology
Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of
rulers and arouse people to expel the British with force; based
on individual heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or
Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle.
● Revolutionary Activities
* Bengal
1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The
Anushilan Samiti)
1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started
By 1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary
terrorism.
1907—Attempt on life of the former Lt. governor of East Bengal
and Assam.
1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder
Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kingsford.
Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra
Kumar Ghosh and others.
1908—Burrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan.
1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose
and Sachin Sanyal.
Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary
activity.
Jatin Das and Yugantar; the German Plot during World War I.
* Maharashtra
1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke.
1890s—Tilak’s attempts to propagate militancy among the youth
through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari
and Maharatta.
1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner
of Poona and Lt. Ayerst.
1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organised by Savarkar and
his brother.
1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat.
1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed.
* Punjab
Revolutionary activity by Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar
Syed Haidar Raza, Bhai Parmanand, Lalchand ‘Falak’, Sufi
Ambaprasad.
● Revolutionary Activity Abroad
1905—Shyamji Krishnavarma set up Indian Home Rule Society
and India House and brought out journal The Sociologist in
London.
1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie; Madame
Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva and brought out
journal Bande Mataram.
Ajit Singh also active.
Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by
Virendranath Chattopadhyay and others.
Missions sent to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey, Kabul.
* In North America, the Ghadr was organised by Lala Hardayal,
Ramchandra, Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah,
Bhai Parmanand.
The Ghadr Programme
Assassinate officials.
Publish revolutionary literature.
Work among Indian troops abroad and raise funds.
Bring about a simultaneous revolt in all colonies of Britain.
Attempt to bring about an armed revolt in India on February
21, 1915 amidst favourable conditions created by the outbreak
of First World War and the Komagata Maru incident (September
1914). The plan was foiled due to treachery.
Defence of India Act, 1915 passed primarily to deal with the
Ghadrites
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