The Goths, Part One. The Goths appear on the Roman border and quickly become a force to be reckoned with.  This episode deals with the Goths origins, early history, conflicts with Rome in the third century, and some things about their culture. Who was a Goth when he was at home? (Spoiler, he didn't wear black or think much about vampires.) This episode covers a period from about 100 BCE to 271 CE. Music "The Bretons" By Kevin MacLeod freepd.com The mentioned map can be found here. References are here.

The Goths, Part 2 c. 264-378 CE The Goths face challenges at home and abroad.  An ambitious Roman Emperor seeks to shore up his reign at their expense.  Religious controversy and rivalry threatens internal stability.  But the greatest challenge arises in the East, and the Goths must abandon their way of life. The Lord's Prayer in Gothic Map of the Adrianople Campaign Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod freepd.com

The Goths, Part 3 378 - 408 CE The Gothic Wars end in stalemate as Goths and Romans try to come to terms with new realities.  A new leader appears to push for dignity and power for his people, who will take the fight into the heartland of the Roman world. Map of Alaric's invasion of Greece Map of Alaric's First Invasion of Italy Bust of Eutropius Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod freepd.com

The Goths, Part 4 408-410 CE The death of Stilicho leaves Alaric and the Visigoths high and dry.  Negotiations break down, and Alaric takes drastic action.  The Sack of Rome of 410 is pointed to as one of the points where the Roman Empire fell and the resonance of the event would be felt down through the centuries.   Music : "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod freepd.com "Rulers of our Lands" by Raphael Krux freepd.com

The Goths, Part 5 410 - 451 CE The Visigoths move out of Italy, into more years of privation. Along the way there's a royal marriage, long marches, sieges and naval blockades. Ultimately the Goths find what they've been looking for for nearly half a century - a home. But there's another, even greater test on the horizon, and a chance to face an old enemy. Music: "The Bretons" By Kevin MacLeod freepd.com "The Black Knight" By Raphael Krux freepd.com "Epic Strike" By Andrew Sitkov freepd.com Music is for this episode is by Andrew Sitkov, Keven MacLeod, and Raphael Krux Sources can be found here

c. 370 - 395 CE Where had the Huns come from? Who were they? How did they fight? What made them so scary? I'll look for answers in this episode, and may even find some. Information on cranial modification is here and here An image of the patera is here Music "The Bretons" By Kevin MacLeod freepd.com

395 - 435 CE Contact with the wealth of the Roman empire gradually changes the Huns and sets the stage for their most famous ruler.   Map of Roman Provinces   Music "The Bretons" By Kevin MacLeod freepd.com

435 - 446 CE The scourge of God rises from the Hunnic horde.  The Romans have to deal with him while also facing earthquake, flood, and plague.  Straight up not having a good time, bro. Map of the Roman road network. Another map of the geography of the Balkans in late antiquity. Music "The Bretons" By Kevin MacLeod freepd.com

c. 200 BCE to 408 CE I introduce the Vandals with a cold.  The Vandals don't have a cold, I have a cold. So, sorry about that. The Vandals rose up next door to the Goths, with whom they would have a complicated relationship.  This episode tracks their early migration into Gaul and then Spain, and talks a little bit about what their home life would have been like.  There's also a bonus tribe, as we sketch a bit about the Alans. And as promised, I learned to pronounce "Przeworsk" Report on the Archaeology of the Przeworsk Culture in Hungary Sketches of various Przeworsk artifacts Article on with Maps and pictures Some photographs of Wielbark Artifacts for comparison Music: The Britons by Kevin MacLeod freepd.com

408 - 439 CE The Vandals, along with their allies, the Alans and Suevi, ravage Spain before moving into Africa.  There, under the leadership of their king Gaiseric, they will achieve something no other Barbarian tribe has yet accomplished. Map of the Vandal Invasion of Spain Roman Provinces of Africa The Peutinger Tabula   Music Title: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod http://www.freepd.com Incidental Music by Andrew Sitkov

c. 448 CE In the spring, a diplomatic mission set out from Constantinople for discussions with Atilla the Hun. One of the men on the trip later wrote out his experience in one of the most detailed accounts of life among the Huns. This episode condenses the writing of Priscus of Panion, diplomat and historian.    Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com and zapsplat.com

The Huns, Part IV 450-453 CE Attila unleashed his fury on the Western empire in two back to back campaigns. The first culminated in the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields. The second ended with the famous meeting between Attila the Hun and Pope Leo I. Map of Attila's Invasion of Italy Sources War dominates the scene on today's episode, as it does on today's headlines. The inevitable consequence of war is the displacement of those caught in its path. If you can, please donate to one of the organizations working to help Ukrainian refugees, and people all around the world who are victimized by the violence of the powerful and the greedy. Links to a few of them are below. Thank you. The International Rescue Committee Global Giving Doctors Without Borders Music "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

c. 450 to c. 482 CE   Saint Severinus was a holy man who was active in Noricum Ripensis, in modern Austria and Bavaria. His life coincided with the end of Roman rule in the west, and the biography that was written by his disciple Eugippius includes several insights into the world as the ancient social structures changed and were replaced by new anxieties and dangers. In this episode we'll talk about those changes and the new role religion was taking on in the formerly Roman West. Article on the Noricum Limes - with Map

The Vandals Part III 439 to 455 CE “Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be therefore as wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.” Matthew, 10:16 Gaiseric weathers Roman attempts to recover the African provinces, and begins to set his house in order. Marriage deals are made and broken, and an ancient version of gunboat diplomacy is used by the new king. Meanwhile, jealousy and paranoia lead to big changes in the Roman government, and the consequences are severe. The Vandals play their most famous role in Roman history in this episode.   Sources   Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/   Sound effects from freesound.com and zapsplat.com

418 to 456 CE A senator by the name of Eparchius Avitus is dragooned into filling the imperial shoes left behind by the well-aimed brick that took out Petronius Maximus. His life gives a framework for discussing the place of southern Gaul within the Roman empire, and how the Visigoths were settling in.   The full text of Sidonius' letter describing Theodoric.   Sources   Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

The Franks, Part I 280 to 480 CE We welcome the Franks onto the stage of Europe, and look at their origins, early history, ferocious reputation, and the way modern politics work their way into the telling of history. Fittings from the Sword and Scabbard found in Childeric's tomb. Childeric's Ring at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France Childeric's Bees Sword and Scabbard Decoration from Childeric's Treasure Sources Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

456 to 464 CE Emperor Majorian and his Right-Hand man Ricimer attempt to pull the empire back from the brink after the departure of Avitus.  But there's a snake in the grass, a fly in the ointment, and a bad apple in the barrel.  It all leads to the creation of a new entity called the Kingdom of Soissons.  Or does it? Map of Majorian's Campaigns Sources Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/   Sound effects from freesound.com and zapsplat.com

461 to 468 CE The East and West combine forces in one great push to take Africa backs from the Vandals and make everything all better. Sources Title Music: "The Britons" and "The Vikings" by Kevin MacLeod at Free Music Archive Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/   Sound effects from freesound.com

466 to around 473 The Visigoths break out, under the leadership of their new and aggressive King Euric. Inside the empire, another emperor falls to Ricimer's scheming. An appropriate map for this episode is here. Sources are here Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod at Free Music Archive Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

453 CE to 460 CE Out of the wreckage of Attila's empire, new peoples emerge. New actors inject new elements into the political game of the late Roman empire British Museum entry for the Gepids, with some artefacts History Files Article and Regnal List of the Gepids Scirian Earring found at Bakod Puszta   Sources Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod at Free Music Archive Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/