Tales from Imperial Russia

In this episode, we look at the story of the oddly refined peasant wanderer Fedor Kuzmich, who was claimed by many to be the dead tsar Alexander I. The myth and its staying power are rooted in several sources, not least the peculiar circumstances of the emperor's death and popular conceptions of monarchy. Source M. P. Rey, Alexander I: The Tsar Who Defeated Napoleon (trans. S. Emanuel. DeKalb: NIU Press, 2016)

On Easter morning 1831, Joseph Major was murdered in his Urals home. A Scottish engineer, he had lived for 26 years in the gateway to Siberia, producing that most modern of devices, the steam engine, for a variety of Russian enterprises. In this episode, I talk about how foreign technology, Russian ingenuity, and massive industrial colonization created the conditions in which Major lived and worked. Sources: F. B. Bondarenko, V. P. Mikitiuk, V. A. Shkerin, Britanskie mekhaniki v predprinimateli na Urale v XIX – nachale XX v. (Ekaterinburg: Bank kul’turnoi informatsii, 2009) E. Tarakanova, ‘Karl Gaskoin i russkie pushki’, Sever, nos. 4, 5, 6 (2001): 96-114; 165—177; 187-201 E. S. Tarakanova, ‘Poiavlenie i rasprostranenie parovykh mashin v Rossii. Osnovye etapy i osobennosti etogo protsessa’, Polzunovskii al’manakh, no. (2004), 178-186 A. Keller, ‘“Raison d’etat” i “chastnyi interes” v Rossii kontsa XVIII v. – nachala XIX v.: na primere A. Knaufa v gornozavodskoi promyshlennosti Urala, 1797-1833 gg’, Bylye gody, vol. 37, no. 3 (2015), 508-518 A. Cross, ‘By the Banks of the Neva’: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) M. R. Hill, ‘Russian Iron Production in the Eighteenth Century’, Icon, vol. 12 (2006), 118-167 P. Dukes, A History of the Urals: Russia’s Crucible from Early Empire to the Post-Soviet Era (London: Bloomsburg Academic, 2015)

From the 1890s, the Russian Empire saw an outburst of interest in vegetarianism, especially since it was being propounded by famous figures like the novelist Leo Tolstoi and the painter Il'ia Repin. In this episode, I talk about the spread of vegetarianism, the opening of new vegetarian eateries, splits within the movement, and its external opponents. Sources for information and quotes: J. Malitska, ‘Mediated Vegetarianism: The Periodical Press and New Associations in the Late Russian Empire’, Media History (2021) (Early Access) J. Malitska, ‘The Peripheries of Omnivorousness: Vegetarian Canteens and Social Activism in the Early Twentieth-Century Russian Empire’, Global Food History, vol. 7, no. 2 (2021): 140-175 J. Malitska, ‘Meat and the City in the Late Russian Empire: Dietary Reform and Vegetarian Activism in Odessa, 1890s-1910s’, Baltic Worlds, no. 2–3 (2020): 4–24. R. D. LeBlanc, ‘Vegetarianism in Russia: The Tolstoy(an) Legacy’, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies. no. 1507 (2001), pp. 1-39 P. Brang, Rossiia neizvestnaia. Istoriia kul’tury vegeterianskikh obrazov zhizni ot nachala do nashikh dnei (Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul’tury, 2006)

As is well known, Grigorii Rasputin wielded a considerable and scandalous level of influence over Tsar Nicholas II. What is less well known is that this was not the first time that a holy man managed to worm his way into the good graces of an emperor and create destructive consequences. This episode follows the life and career of Fotii (Spasskii), a monk who was able to persuade Tsar Alexander I to turn against one of his oldest and closest friends. Sources: J. L. Wieczynski, ‘Apostle of Obscurantism: the Archimandrite Photius of Russia (1792-1838)’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vol. XXII, no.4 (1971), pp. 319-331. A. V. Ivanov, A Spiritual Revolution: The Impact of Reformation and Enlightenment in Orthodox Russia, 1700-1825 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2020).

In 1817, Agustín José Pedro del Carmen Domingo de Candelaria de Betancourt y Molina (known in Russian as Avgustin Betankur) surveyed the site of one of his most important engineering projects, the future Nizhnii Novgorod Trade Fair. In this episode, we move from Betankur's impressive architectural designs to daily life at the fair, tracing the ribaldry, revelry, and rampuctiousness that made this fair one of the marvels of the Russian Empire. Source: A. Lincoln Fitzpatrick, The Great Russian Fair: Nizhnii Novgorod, 1840-90 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990).

In August 1702, the serving girl Marta came into the possession of a Russian general following a siege. Some twenty-two years later, she was crowned Empress Catherine I of all Russia. In this episode, we follow the remarkable story of this woman and the men who fell in love with her, especially Peter the Great. Source: I. Pavlenko, Ekaterina I (Moscow: Molodaia Gvardiia, 2004)

Between 1770 and 1772, Moscow saw a virulent outbreak of the Black Death, one of the most feared diseases in European history: Dr Afanasii Shafonskii was tasked with battling this epidemic. In this episode, we follow the plague's progress as it caused death, deprivation, and revolt in Russia's biggest city. The principal source for this episode and all of the quotes is: J. T. Alexander, Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)

In the 1890s, the tiny village of Ashchepkovo in western Russia was struck by an epidemic of demonic possession. This episode attempts to understand this and other cases of malign spells by entering the mystical and magical world of the Russian peasantry. Sources: C. Worobec, Possessed: Women, Witches, and Demons in Imperial Russia (DeKalb: Illinois University Press, 2003) V. Kivelson, Desperate Magic: The Moral Economy of Witchcraft in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013)

In the early nineteenth century, Raffaele Scassi, Genoese gambler and ne'er-do-well, found himself in the newly founded Black Sea port of Odessa. This was the beginning of a remarkable career in Russian service that led to adventures in the Caucasian mountains, the rebuilding of a ruined Crimean town, and the preservation of ancient Greek relics. This episode explores his life and Russia's expansion to the south. Sources: Heloisa Rojas Gomez, The Crimean Italians: A History of Mobility and Individual Agency on the Black Sea (PhD dissertation: European University Institute, 2020). Heloisa Rojas Gomez, ‘Raffaele Scassi: Improvised Colonial Agent and the Appropriation of the Russian South, 1820s,' in D. Guignard and I. Seri-Hersch, eds., Spatial Appropriation in Modern Empires, 1820–1960: Beyond Dispossession (Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019), pp. 228–54. Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: A History, 1794-1914 (Harvard University Press, 1986)

In 1889, a small band of unlikely Russian colonists seized the abandoned fortress of Sagallo in today's Djibouti. Led by the would-be Cossack Nikolai Ashinov, they triggered an international incident. But how did all this come to pass? The answer lies in Ashinov's career of skullduggery, deceipt, and falsehood. Sources: A. V. Lunochkin, “Ataman vol’nykh kazakov” Nikolai Ashinov i ego deiatel’nost’ (Volgograd: Izdatel’stvo Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1999) C. Jesman, The Russians in Ethiopia: An Essay in Futility (London: Chatto and Windus, 1958) P. J. Rollins, "Imperial Russia's African Colony", The Russian Review, vol. 27, no. 4 (1968): 432-451 R. F. Byrnes, Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968)

In 1852, the novelist and government bureaucrat Ivan Goncharov set sail on the frigate Pallada for a mission to closed-off Japan. This episode follows Goncharov as he encountered Africans and Asians across an imperial world dominated by the British, Dutch, and Spanish. This episode is based on translations and information provided by Edyta M. Bojanowska, A World of Empires: The Russian Voyage of the Frigate Pallada (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018)

From the Baltic to the Black Sea, the First World War's eastern front massacred men by the thousand. Father Dimitrii Smirnov, along with hundreds of other religious officials, tried to offer spiritual solace to the fighting and the dying, all while suffering hardships himself and witnessing the horrors of modern warfare. Father Dimitrii's experiences were made all the more arduous by the fact that he was an Old Believer, a religious group that had only recently been granted full legal standing. Further reading: James M. White: ‘Battling for Legitimacy: Russian Old Believer Priests in the First World War,’ First World War Studies, vol. 7, no. 2-3 (2017), 93-113. E. M. Iukhimenko, “Pis’ma staroobriadcheskogo sviashchennika Dimitriia Smirnova s Russko-iaponskoi voiny 1904-1905 gg.” in Starobriadchestvo Sibiri i Dal’nego Vostoka. Materialy chetvertoi mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii 14-17 sentiabria 2004 goda g. Vladivostok (Vladivostok, 2004), 46-59.

In 1910, Europe and Russia were rocked by a sensational murder trial: three Russians stood accused of conspiring to murder one of their compatriots in Venice. Filmed and photographed, the lurid details of affairs and petty violence shocked the world. But what brought these Russians to such dire straits? And what did the trial reveal about how Europeans and Russians thought of one another? This tale is heavily dependent on the interpretation and reconstruction of events in Louise McReynolds, Murder Most Russian: True Crime and Punishment in Late Imperial Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013).

In 1904, a shepherd and his daughter created a new religion in the Altai mountain ranges, leading to a violent confrontation with Russian settlers and a dramatic trial. But what was the cause of this outburst and what was the ultimate fate of the new faith? [Originally released on 22 January 2021, this episode was re-recorded on 9 February 2021]. References: Danilin A.G.: Burkhanizm. Izistorii natsional’no-osvoboditel’nogo dvizheniia v gornom Altae. Gorno-Altaisk: Ak-Chechek, 1993. Dokumenty po istorii tserkvi i veroispovedanii v Altaiskom krae. Barnaul: Upravlenie arkhivnogo dela administratsii Altaiskogo kraia, 1997. Maidurova N.A., Tadina N.A.: Burkhanizm. Dokumenty i materialy. Gorno-Altaisk: Gorno-Altaiskgos. Universitet, 1994. Sherstova L.I.: Taina doliny Tereng. Gorno-Altaisk: Ak-Chechek, 1997. Sherstova, L.I.: "Burkhanism in Gorny Altai" in Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader. Ed. M.M. Balzer. New York and London, M.E. Sharpe, 2010. P. 225–244. Vinogradov, A. Ak Jang in the Context of Altai Religious Tradition. MA Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 2003. Znamenski, A.A. Shamanism and Christianity: Native Encounters with Russian Orthodox Missions in Siberia and Alaska, 1820–1917. West Port, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1999. Znamenski, A.A. Power of Myth: Popular Ethnonationalism and Nationality Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922. Acta Slavica Iaponica, vol. 22 (2005), pp. 25–52.

Tales from Imperial Russia is a fortnightly podcast narrating ordinary and extraordinary lives from the Russian Empire. In episodes about 10-20 minutes long, we will avoid the oft-retold stories of emperors and battles to focus on the mostly forgotten lives of individuals from an amazing array of locales, peoples, and circumstances. This podcast is written and performed by Dr James White. For my academic articles, please see: https://urfu.academia.edu/JamesWhite. To purchase my recent book, please see: https://www.amazon.com/Unity-Faith-Edinoverie-Orthodoxy-1800-1918/dp/0253049725/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=edinoverie&qid=1610272334&sr=8-1